Accepted Extended Abstracts
2010
Information Science: Synergy through Diversity
Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec. June 2 - 4 2010.
2010 Proceedings Editors: Elaine Ménard, Valerie Nesset and Sabine Mas
Adams, Suellen S. (2010). Information at Play: The Role of Information Behaviour and Meaning-Making.
This paper relates to the conference in the area of user studies. It examines the similarities of information behaviour and meaning making in 4 studies of adult play environments. It will also make a case for the importance of studying information behaviour and meaning-making in play environments. One of these studies is now complete, the other three are ongoing, though two of these are nearly complete.
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Alberts, Inge, Jen Schellinck, Craig Eby & Yves Marleau (2010). Bringing Together Functional Classification and Business Process Analysis: Growing Trends in Records Management.
Drawing on our experience in developing business classifications, this communication identifies and discusses the challenges related to function-based approaches while proposing a methodology that reconciles the organizational perspective (i.e. the functional model) with the end-user perspective (i.e. the day-to-day tasks within a business process).
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Artinger, Joseph & Paulette Rothbauer. (2010). Immigrant Youth’s Perceptions of the Library: A Pilot Study Involving Youth Ages 14-18 years of African and Caribbean Origin.
A pilot study of immigrant youth ages 14-18 of African and Caribbean descent revealed a generation wired to the internet for their information needs. The study finds that they would benefit from library programs better suited to their day to day life questions concerned with living in the adopted community.
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Behesthi, Jamshid, Andrew Large & Marni Tam. (2010). Search Patterns on a Children’s Portal.
More than two years of transaction logs on a children’s portal are analyzed to investigate search patterns, when the users are presented with four search options. The results show that the hierarchical subject directory and alphabetic search options accounted for 83 percent of all the searches, indicating users’ preference for browsing rather than keyword searching.
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Bouchard, Dany & Dominique Maurel. (2010). Computerization of Documentary Information Infrastructure: The Perspective of Arenas and Social Spaces.
In this paper, we present the theory of arenas and social spaces developed in the field of science and technology sociology. We will discuss the relevance and flexibility of this socio-technical approach as an alternative way of rethinking the computerization of documentary information infrastructure.
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Budd, John M. (2010). Scholarly Communication’s Mess: A Game-Theoretic Approach to Analysis.
This presentation constitutes a trial of a game-theory-based model that is intended to estimate the publication rate and costs of publications by faculty members at research universities. The data used here are taken from journals in five social science disciplines and are used to create the mathematical model. The presentation is intended to fit within the information management them of the conference.
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Burghardt, Linda F. (2010). An Epistemological Analysis of Holocaust Survivor Transcripts.
The power of depth indexing for access to complex resources is apparent, yet tools for depth indexing are not well-developed. This study uses term generation, concept extraction, and facet identification derived through latent coding, and with each facet epistemologically defined a knowledge organization system is created that enables depth indexing of the archives.
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Cossarini, Danielle. (2010). Communicating Scientific Information for Environmental Solutions: A Knowledge Management Perspective.
This paper discusses findings from research on the publication practices of the intergovernmental Gulf of Maine Council on the Marine Environment. Interviews with members of the main Working Group were used to gain further understanding of the production, distribution, and use of marine scientific information in policy decisions.
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Chandrashekar, Sambhavi & Nadia Caidi. (2010). Online Participation and Information Inclusion – A Study of Internet Users with Vision Impairments.
Our presentation will highlight the need to move beyond Web Accessibility for Internet users with vision impairments to Information Inclusion through facilitation of their online participation and knowledge sharing. Our empirically grounded suggestions emanate from our study of the everyday information practices of sixty residents of Ontario with vision impairments.
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Char, Dorothy C.P. & Isola Ajiferuke. (2010). Comparison of the Effectiveness of Related Functions in Web of Science and Scopus.
This study compares the related functions in Web of Science and Scopus. The results indicate no significance difference in the effectiveness of the related functions by references of the two systems; within Scopus, the related function by references was found to be more effective than those by authors and keywords.
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Chu, Samuel Kai Wah, Rathi, Dinesh, & Helen S. Du. (2010). Users’ Behaviour in Collaborative Tagging Systems.
This study draws upon the work of Golder and Huberman (2005) and examines the users’ behaviour of two social bookmarking websites, Delicious and Connotea, by analyzing over 200,000 bookmarks from each website. The study also explores the cause(s) for similarity and difference in the behaviour of users of both websites.
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Cuxac, Pascal, Jean-Charles Lamirel & Maha Ghribi. (2010). Textual Non-supervised Classification Methods: The Performance Measure of Document Clustering Results.
This paper presents an alternative approach to measuring the quality of non-supervised text classification based on the recall, precision and non-supervised F-measure criteria, using class descriptors. The experimental comparison of classical criteria behaviour to our approach is based on bibliographic data.
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Da Sylva, Lyne. (2010). Integrating Knowledge from Different Sources for Automatic Back-of-the-book Indexing.
The paper reports research on automatic back-of-the-book indexing. It presents a methodology which brings together knowledge from different disciplines. It is inspired by human indexing methodology and the results are more similar to manually-crafted indexes than those produced by previous automatic approaches. Issues of evaluation and applications are addressed.
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Detlor, Brian, Lorne Booker, Heidi Julien & Alexander Serenko. (2010). The Effects of Information Literacy Instruction on Business Students.
Results from a survey concerning the effects of information literacy instruction (ILI) on business students are presented. The effects of ILI on student learning outcomes, and the influence of ILI on the adoption and use of online library resources and the mediating effects of self-efficacy and anxiety are examined.
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Dufour, Christine. (2010). Information Professionals' Involvement in Web Information Systems: A Pan-Canadian Study.
This paper presents the results of a descriptive pan-Canadian study aimed at providing a detailed picture of information professionals' involvement in Web information systems. The intent is to validate a previous study performed in a government setting for all types of settings and refresh the results.
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Dupont, Sarah. (2010). Job Seeking Information Behaviours of Urban, Métis Youth.
Study of the information seeking behaviours of urban, Métis youth. Interviews address why Métis youth use certain tools, resources, and community programs to look for meaningful employment and how motivation affects the search process. Finds that talking to people is the most used method of information seeking.
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El Hadi, Widad Mustafa & Jean Debeacker. (2010). Social Networks and Music Indexing – New User-driven Evaluation Modes.
This paper describes an ongoing study supported by ISCC. The project examines issues surrounding social metadata creation for music in light of new devices and digital practices, indexing, and music metadata. The context and rationale for the study are described, as well as a summary of relevant concepts. The evaluation of music production and its reception in social networks are also covered. The questionnaire and the preliminary results will be presented.
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Farmer, Leslie. (2010). Culturally-Sensitive E-Learning Practices for Library Education.
With globalization, library educators should address culturally-sensitive instruction design and curriculum, particularly in online learning environments. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and Bigg’s educational model provide frameworks for addressing cultural impact on library education. Specific techniques are suggested for handling language and online learning issues.
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Fortier, Alexandre, Christine Dufour & Pierrette Bergeron. (2010). Sexual Health Information Behaviour of Young Quebec Adults.
This presentation will focus on a descriptive study of sexual health information behaviour of young Quebec adults. The results gained from in-depth interviews based on the critical incident technique are discussed using an adaptation of Choo's (2006) information behaviour general model.
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Gazo, Dominique. (2010). Hiring Librarians and Municipal Staffing.
This on-going study focuses on the selection of librarians in Quebec municipalities. Our research objectives are to describe procedures, to identify stakeholders, and to define evaluation methods, criteria and selection rules in the hiring process.
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Given, Lisa & Heidi Julien. (2010). Engaging Students in Information Literacy: Curriculum Planning from the Ground Up.
This project examines students’ experiences as they complete high school, to assess information literacy preparation for further study in post-secondary environments. This presentation examines results from the first phase of a longitudinal project (i.e., information literacy skills tests with 103 grade 12 students and a sample of individual interviews).
Gao, Yijun. (2010). Using the Web Server Logs to Study Public Opinion.
With the help of webometrics techniques, we could explore whether or not the Web surfer’s online interest reflects the public opinion off-line. This paper investigates the Chinese Web user’s interest regarding the United States and Japan, and demonstrates that Web server log data could be a good source for us to gauge the public opinion on specific domestic and international issues.
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Hartley, Dick. (2010). Communicating knowledge: How UK Researchers’ Decisions on Where and How to Disseminate their Research Results is Affected by Both the Changing Technological Environment and Research Evaluation.
This paper presents evidence gathered via a research project undertaken by Manchester Metropolitan and Loughborough Universities during 2009. Data was gathered using bibliometric analysis, focus groups, interviews and an online survey. It presents a current view of how researchers communicate their work across the range of disciplines in the UK.
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Hicks, Deborak. (2010). The How and the Why: An Argument for a Theory-Oriented Approach to LIS Administration and Management Scholarship and Practice.
"Management" and "leadership" are currently two buzz words in the Canadian LIS community. Although these topics receive scholarly attention, epistemological and theoretical basis for that work is limited. LIS needs to expand the conceptual frameworks used to study these topics by looking to the discipline of Educational Administration and Leadership.
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Hoffman, Cameron & Sarah Polkinghorne. (2010). Discourse, Identity, Practice: Analyzing Instruction Librarians’ Conversations About Information Literacy and the Social Web.
Librarians communicate regularly on the Information Literacy Instruction (ILI-L) listserv about integrating the Social Web in their library instruction practices. Critical discourse analysis of these postings reveals a concern with control, which makes mastery of these technologies a priority, along with a fear in the profession of ceding pedagogical authority.
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Ishimura, Yusuke & Joan Bartlett (2010). Integrating Information Behaviour and Information Literacy During Academic Tasks: A Comparative Study of Japanese and Canadian Undergraduate Students in Canadian Universities.
This presentation reports preliminary results from doctoral research that investigates the information behaviour and information literacy skills of Japanese and Canadian undergraduate students during their research tasks in Canadian universities. Differences and similarities in behaviours and skills between the two groups are identified through analysis of research portfolios and interviews.
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Jank, David A. (2010). Toward a Unifying Ontology for Human-Information Interaction.
Research agendas in human-information interaction (HII) are varied and divergent. The interdisciplinary lens of information studies offers a convergent view of HII scholarship. The purpose of this paper is to taxonomically document the divergent scholarship in human-information interaction, and construct a unifying ontology of HII discourse, using bibliometric techniques.
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Jin, Tao. (2010). Information Needs of Microenterprise Owners in Louisiana.
This presentation will report on an ongoing research project about the information needs of microenterprise owners in Louisiana. Microenterprises are those businesses with fewer than five employees or sole proprietorships with no employees. They exist across all industrial sectors and incorporate a wide spectrum of information needs.
Johnson, Kate & Matthew Griffis. (2010). Social Capital and Community Building in Rural Ontario Libraries.
This presentation reports on a study that investigated the relationship between public libraries and social capital in rural communities in Ontario. Preliminary findings suggest that, in contrast to urban communities, the use of libraries in small towns is not significantly related to increases in levels of social capital.
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Julien, Charles-Antoine, Catherine Guastavino, France Bouthillier & John E. Leide. (2010). Subject Explorer 3D: A Virtual Reality Collection Browsing and Searching Tool.
Controlled vocabulary is known to help searchers and Semantic Web ontologies are one of its latest incarnations. Unfortunately, many searchers are unaware of this useful organization of information. An interactive 3D fly-through search and browsing prototype was developed and is proposed as potential solution to enhance navigation.
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Khashman, Nouf & Andrew Large. (2010). Investigating the Design of Arabic Web Interfaces Using Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions: A Case Study of Government Web Portals.
This study examines the design characteristics of Web interfaces from Arab countries using Hofstede’s cultural dimensions. Organizational and graphical elements on a sample of 15 home pages of government Web portals are examined using content analysis. Element frequency scores were correlated with Hofstede’s dimensions and interpreted based on Marcus and Gould’s (2000) study. The results suggest that Hofstede’s model of culture does not fully reflect the design characteristics of Arabic interfaces.
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Kipp, Margaret E. (2010). Convergence and Divergence in Tagging Systems: An Examination of Tagging Practices Over a Four Year Period.
This paper analyses the tagging patterns on delicious.com over a 4 year period using informetrics methods to assess how collaborative tagging supports and enhances traditional document indexing. Patterns in tag usage also highlighted practices related to personal and collective information organization which conventional systems are unable to facilitate.
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Koshman, Sheri. (2010). Town Mobiles and Country Mobiles: Exploring the Rural-Urban Dichotomy.
This presentation focuses on the rural-urban distinction of mobile user information studies. It reports on an exploratory mobile user survey conducted among a relatively understudied population of rural prairie Canadians. The findings indicate a mobile behaviour that deviates from the standard observations reported in the literature gathered from urban areas and those found among many international rural mobile users. The discussion concludes by defining factors that influence future research into rural mobile populations.
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Latham, Don & Melissa Gross. (2010). Including Student Voices in Instructional Design: Community College Students with Below-Proficient Skills Talk About IL Instruction.
First-year college students with below-proficient IL skill levels were identified through a standardized IL test. Interviews and focus groups were conducted with a subset of these students. This paper will focus on the findings of the focus groups and describe how these findings are informing the design of the intervention.
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Li, Ping. (2010). Science Information Literacy Tutorials and Pedagogy.
This study aims at finding out which information literacy standards science and technology libraries have been trying to instruct through Web-based tutorials and the extent to which pedagogical elements are incorporated. The research results are expected to be helpful to the future designing of tutorials for information literacy instruction purpose.
Liquète, Vincent & Franc Morandi. (2010). Grasping the Development of Professional Information Culture of School Documentation Students: Approach Convergence for Heightened Complexity.
Using a methodological triangulation (semi-directive interviews, analysis of student-produced resources, and professional shadowing), this paper will present an example of a shared approach to professional information culture building. This approach focuses on students and teachers-trainees on the way to becoming documentation instructors in French schools.
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MacDonald, Suzanne L. (2010). The Library Settlement Partnerships: A Case Study.
This in-progress doctoral dissertation research is a qualitative exploratory case study of the Library Settlement Partnerships, a federal government program that consists of partnerships among service providing organizations and public libraries in Ontario. The study explores the ways that service provision in cross-sectoral collaborations is being negotiated among the various stakeholders.
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Maurel, Dominique. (2010). Corporate Information Systems and Business Process Execution: The Place of Documentary Processes.
This paper presents the results of a qualitative study on the use of corporate information systems by middle managers in a Quebec municipality in the course of their work. Results show the need for more archival process integration in current corporate information systems that support the execution of business processes.
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Maury, Yolande. (2010). Student-Information Interaction and Information Culture Building.
Based on the works of ERTé Culture informationnelle et curriculum documentaire (Lille 3, Béguin dir.), this presentation examines the role of student-information interaction in information culture building. The results show that information culture, as a meaningful social experience, evolves through information interaction by linking its human, physical, and technical dimensions.
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McEwen, Rhonda & Nadia Caidi. (2010). Texting Home: Examining the Mobile Phone Practices of Student Newcomers to Toronto.
We investigate the roles that new media play in supporting the relationships of young people in their first-year of university in Toronto. We consider the experiences of domestic and newly emigrated students and their adjustment to life outside their home countries, focusing on the use of social technologies for adjustment.
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McKenzie, Pam, Elizabeth Davies & Lola Wong. (2010). Methodological Strategies for Studying Documentary Planning Work.
This paper reports on the pilot testing of data collection strategies for a study of the complex and idiosyncratic document work involved in everyday life planning and time management. We describe two iterations of two data collection strategies, in-depth semi-structured interviews and photography of individual documents and document collections.
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Ménard, Elaine, Sabine Mas & Inge Alberts. (2010). Faceted Classification for Museum Artefacts: A Methodology to Support Web Site Development of Large Cultural Organizations.
This research project aimed to provide a visual representation of the Artefacts Canada digital collection. The taxonomy creation involved the implementation of an innovative four-step methodology. The resulting user-friendly bilingual taxonomy that will provide worldwide visitors with the mean to better access Canadian virtual museum collections is presented.
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Michels, David H. (2010). Seeking God’s Will: The Experience of Information Seeking by Leaders of a Church in Transition.
I explored the perspectives of leaders of churches in transition seeking to answer the question "what is God’s will for our church?" This is significant because religious information seeking has received little attention. Issues arising were feelings of frustration, the impact of digital media, and the role of prayer.
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Moukdad, Haidar. (2010). URLs in Their Native Language: Opinions of Arab Users of the Internet.
Contributions to a BBC news forum by 140 Arab listeners on "URLs in Arabic for the First Time" were analyzed. The analysis identified a wide range of views on the usefulness of Arabic URLs and showed a general uneasiness towards changing the familiar way of browsing and accessing Internet resources.
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Neal, Diane & Pam Mckenzie. (2010). Putting the Pieces Together: Endometriosis Blogs, Cognitive Authority, and Collaborative Information Behaviour.
Endometriosis causes female pelvic pain and infertility. This study examines blogs written by endometriosis patients in the context of collaborative information sharing. Preliminary discourse analysis supported previous studies that found patients questioning medical professionals’ cognitive authority. Additionally, the blogger’s affective authority may play a role in readers’ information judgements.
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Nesset, Valerie. (2010). A Look at Classification and Indexing Practices for Elementary School Children: Who Are We Really Serving?
As indicated in the findings of a larger study investigating the information-seeking behaviour of grade-three students it is asserted that traditional classification and indexing methods used in school libraries and print reference materials targeted at young students often do not address young searchers’ unique information needs and searching behaviours.
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Oliphant, Tami. (2010). "Alternative Medicine for Alternative Depression": Claimsmaking, Counterknowledge, and Complementary and Alternative Medicine.
Depressives often use both CAM (complementary and alternative medicine) and conventional medicine to treat their depression. However, the use of CAM often contested as certain therapies are considered by some to be counterknowledge. Using data collected from the messages posted to three online newsgroups, I have analyzed how people use information and discursive strategies to build-up or undermine accounts justifying CAM use or non-use.
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Organisciak, Peter, Kathleen Reed & Alicia Hibbert. (2010). Shortcuts and Dead Ends: Control Issues With Online User-Generated Content.
Increasingly, internet users are creating and sharing content through a variety of socially-based websites. This includes sharing images, videos, stories, diary-like text, and personal information with others. With all of this information being created, what happens to user content once it has been uploaded to a site and effectively removed from the user's hands? We set out to explore this question within some of the popular user content hosting sites on the Internet. In doing so, we discovered a flawed paradigm wherein sites offer little guarantees as to service, but limit the precautionary measures that users can take themselves.
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Polkinghorne, Sarah & Shauna Wilton. (2010). Research is a Verb: Exploring a New Information Literacy-Embedded Undergraduate Research Methods Course.
This presentation introduces a potential solution to widespread and longstanding concerns about undergraduates’ research, writing, and critical thinking skills: a new activity-based, discipline-specific research methods course. The presenters explore course design, course-embedded information literacy learning, course effectiveness evaluation, faculty-librarian collaboration, and the role of reflection in teaching and learning.
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Prime-Claverie, Camille & Stéphanie Pouchot. (2010). Open Archives and Commercial Databases: What Visibility for Information Studies and Communications Research?
Based on a quantitative study of corpus (bibliographic records), this research confronts research visibility in information studies and communications disseminated through an open archives (@rchiveSIC) and a commercial database (Francis).
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Rathi, Dinesh & Michael Twidale. (2010). Ditch the Smileys: Customizing a Stopword List for Email-based Data.
The study uses grounded theory approach to develop different categories of stopwords leading to the creation of a stopword list for email-based data. The finding of the study will contribute in better understanding of email as data and developing better algorithms which could automatically remove specific category of stopwords.
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Reed, Kathleen. (2010). Information Hippies, Google-Fu Masters, and Other Volunteer Tourists in Thailand: Information Behaviour in the Liminoid.
Using social positioning theory and the concept of the liminoid, the objectives of this qualitative research project were to 1) investigate how social positioning affects the information behaviour of volunteer tourists; 2) determine what effects culture shock, physical location, gender, technical skill, and previous intercultural education and/or experiences have on the information behaviour of volunteer tourists; and finally, 3) suggest how non-governmental organizations can use the research findings to assist volunteer tourists to successfully undertake their placements. The results emphasize the importance of developing a theory of liminoidal information behaviour, in order to explore how people in the liminoid – a place between cultures where identities are often suspended – interact with information.
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Robert, Thierry & Clément Arsenault. (2010). Playformation: A Game-Based Simulator to Teach Information Retrieval.
In this paper we outline the challenges of developing a game-based simulator designed to teach college and undergraduate students how to construct concept plans and how to perform effective database searches.
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Saleh, Nasser & Andrew Large. (2010). Exploring the Collaborative Information Behaviour of Engineering Students: A Pilot Study Design.
The paper reports the results and findings of a pilot study undertaken as part of a research project to explore the interaction between learning tasks and students’ collaborative information behaviour when working as a group in a project-based undergraduate engineering design course at a Canadian university.
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Shiri, Ali, Stan Ruecker, Carlos Fiorentino, Amy Stafford & Matthew Bouchard. (2010). Exploratory Interaction With Information Through Visualization and Semantics: Designing a Visual User Interface Using the UNESCO Multilingual Thesaurus.
This paper reports on the design of a visual user interface for the UNESCO digital portal. The interface makes use of the UNESCO multilingual thesaurus to provide visualized views of terms and their relationships and the way in which spaces associated with the thesaurus, the query and the results can be integrated into a single user interface.
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Sibbald, Shannon L., Anita Kothari, Nadine Wathen & Kevin Shoemaker (2010). How Interdisciplinary Primary Health Care Teams Access and Share Knowledge.
We explore how information (specifically new research-based clinical information) enters, and flows through, health care teams (HCTs). Each HCT is conceived as a network, and we examine how these networks function in relation to identifying information needs and the roles of different actors in accessing and sharing information.
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Smiraglia, Richard P. (2010). Self-Reflection, Perception, Cognitive Semantics: How Social is Social Tagging?
In social tagging, cultural forces lead to conformance. In this study of self-reflective tags, using a sample from delicious.com, cognitive semantic lenses are applied to reveal the fluidity of associative structure. The clustered tags represent classification, socially generated by bandwagon effect, with variation attributed to cognitive scanning, primarily conceptual blending.
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Smiraglia, Richard P., Hur-Li Lee & Hope Olson. (2010). The Flimsy Fabric of Authorship.
This paper is about authorship, its influence on bibliography and how that influence is reflected in cataloguing across cultures. Beginning with Foucault’s question "what is an author", it proceeds to demonstrate, through an examination of cataloguing standards, that it is the role that is represented rather than true intellectual responsibility.
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Stevenson, Siohban. (2010). When Citizens Become Consumer-Producers: Immaterial Labour and the Unpaid Work of Patrons in the Library as Place and Virtual Space.
This paper situates the public library’s adoption of Web 2.0 technologies within the wider context of the historic transformation of the public library user/patron into an information consumer/producer. Analyzing fifty years of Ontario library policies, the question of who benefits from the immaterial and free labour of these customers is revealed.
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Stvilia, Besiki & Corinne Jorgensen. (2010). Towards Assessing Relative Value of User-Generated Tags to Knowledge Organization Systems.
This research analyzes user-generated tags for Flickr images and whether and how these can contribute to controlled vocabularies, e.g. the Thesaurus for Graphic Materials. Uncontrolled tags provide diverse and rich description not possible with a controlled vocabulary. Integrating tags into an existing controlled vocabulary provides synergy to description for access.
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Turner, James & Claire Nigay. (2010). IconoTag, a Step Towards Translinguistic Image Indexing.
Text is still the most efficient way to search for images. This paper describes an experiment that demonstrates how once an image is indexed in a single language, good quality indexing in other languages can be generated automatically. The results presented here, although preliminary, are strong and encouraging.
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Vaughan, Liwen, Rongbin Yang, Chao Chen, Weibo Liang & Baoyi Li. (2010). Extending Web Co-link Analysis to Web Co-word Analysis for Competitive Intelligence.
The study carried out Web co-link analysis and Web co-word analysis for a group of companies in the international shipping industry. Co-link and co-word data were collected and analyzed with MDS. Results from different data sets were compared and advantages and disadvantages of the two methods were examined.
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Wang, Shouhong, Hai Wang. (2010). Ontological Organization of Learning Objects Repository for Knowledge Sharing.
Ontological organization of learning objects for knowledge sharing is investigated. Through three case studies of learning objects repository management systems, theories of ontological organization of learning objects repository for knowledge sharing are developed. Implications of this study for educational institutions, software developers, and learning object repository designers and users are discussed.
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Wolfram, Dietmar. (2010). An Analysis of Canadian Contributions to the Information Science Research Literature 1989-2008.
An informetric study of information science publications by scholars at Canadian institutions was conducted for the period 1989-2008. The findings reveal slightly more than linear growth in contributions, with in information behaviour, with greater levels of author and inter-institutional collaboration in recent years.
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Zacklad, Manuel. (2010). Information Writing in ITC and IS.
This paper presents an information system analysis framework as being essentially dependent on diverse writing techniques borrowing from four main categories: the writing format (open-ended or coded), the level of description (primary or secondary), the meaning (referential or interpretative), and its status within the document (main or associated).
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